Found matches for oral histories in 134 collections
Digital content available
North Carolina State University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center
Size: 12.89 gigabytes (25 oral histories; 23 transcripts) Collection ID: MC 00118
This collection contains oral histories gathered from Kannapolis, North Carolina, residents as well as persons associated with the North Carolina Research Campus. Interviews were conducted in 2008. These histories present a detailed picture of the transformation of work and community in Kannapolis. Kannapolis was once home to Cannon ...
MoreThis collection contains oral histories gathered from Kannapolis, North Carolina, residents as well as persons associated with the North Carolina Research Campus. Interviews were conducted in 2008. These histories present a detailed picture of the transformation of work and community in Kannapolis. Kannapolis was once home to Cannon Mills, at one time the largest manufacturer of sheets and towels in the world. In 2003, the Pillowtex Corporation, the last owner of the textile company, closed its doors. This was the largest one-day layoff in North Carolina history. In December 2004, David Murdock purchased the former Cannon Mills Plant One at auction, and then in 2005 in partnership with the University of North Carolina system, he announced plans for a $1.5 billion scientific and economic revitalization project. The result is the North Carolina Research Campus, which houses biotechnology firms and partners them with North Carolina research universities. Through interviews with a variety of people, these oral histories chronicle changes in Kannapolis and the early development of the North Carolina Research Campus.
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North Carolina State University. Libraries
Size: 1 linear foot (2 cassette boxes and 1 archival half box) Collection ID: MC 00019
This collection of oral histories contains audiocassette tapes, 2003-2004, of interviews with GI Bill veterans who attended North Carolina State College (later North Carolina State University). The interviewees were twelve servicemen and -women who were in the armed forces during World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War eras, and ...
MoreThis collection of oral histories contains audiocassette tapes, 2003-2004, of interviews with GI Bill veterans who attended North Carolina State College (later North Carolina State University). The interviewees were twelve servicemen and -women who were in the armed forces during World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War eras, and later. The interviews cover the subjects' military service, educational experiences, GI Bill benefits, and professional careers. Also included for some interviews are tape logs--typed partial transcripts with abridged or paraphrased questions and answers, along with tape counter numbers. Interviews were conducted by Anna Dahlstein, NC State University Libraries Fellow, and Robert Serow, Professor, Education Research, College of Education, North Carolina State University. The interviews in the GI Bill Oral Histories were conducted in conjunction with Transforming Society: The GI Bill Experience at NC State, an exhibit prepared by the North Carolina State University Libraries to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of the original GI Bill of Rights, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, and to honor those whom the legislation and its subsequent reenactments enabled to attend the university.
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Digital content available
Morgan, Chad (Chad Henderson)
Size: 0.5 linear feet (1 archival box and 5 audiotapes) Collection ID: MC 00066
This collection contains tapes, transcripts, and biographies for six interviews conducted in 2006 and 2007 by Chad Morgan from the NC State University Libraries staff. The people who were interviewed had been associated with North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus, a research and advanced technology community where ...
MoreThis collection contains tapes, transcripts, and biographies for six interviews conducted in 2006 and 2007 by Chad Morgan from the NC State University Libraries staff. The people who were interviewed had been associated with North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus, a research and advanced technology community where university, industry, and government partners interact in multidisciplinary programs. North Carolina State University's Centennial Campus is a research and advanced technology community where university, industry, and government partners interact in multidisciplinary programs. In 1984, 355 acres in west Raleigh was transferred to the University. The initial allotment was enlarged the following year by an additional 450 acres. The campus developed as a series of clusters with a mix of academic and private research buildings. In the early 1990s, the College of Textiles moved from the main North Carolina State University campus to Centennial land and the Engineering Graduate Research Center was established. The early 1990s also saw government tenants moving onto Centennial Campus. As of 2009 the Centennial Campus was home to 61 corporate and government partners as well as 73 NC State research centers, institutes, laboratories and department units. In 2004-2006 the NC State University Libraries conducted the Centennial Campus Documentation Project to acquire, preserve, and make accessible archival records documenting the history of Centennial Campus. As part of the project Libraries' staff conducted oral history interviews with key players in the campus's development.
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Digital content available
Size: 37133.22 megabytes (0.5 linear feet, 7133.22 megabytes, 1 archival storage box) Collection ID: MC 00191
The Lewis Clarke Oral Histories represent 30 interviews with a cross section of students who attended the North Carolina State University School (now College) of Design between 1950 and 1980 in architecture and landscape architecture. Also included are interviews with Clarke family members, NC State University professors, clients, ...
MoreThe Lewis Clarke Oral Histories represent 30 interviews with a cross section of students who attended the North Carolina State University School (now College) of Design between 1950 and 1980 in architecture and landscape architecture. Also included are interviews with Clarke family members, NC State University professors, clients, professionals, and former students who worked with or for Lewis Clarke Associates. Digital materials in this collection include interview audio recordings, transcripts, field notes, and abstracts/tape logs. Paper files in this collection contain interviewee resumes, lists of questions asked, and proper word lists. Lewis James Clarke was born in Carlton, Nottingham, England on 10 March 1927. In 1952 he joined the School (now College) of Design at North Carolina State University, where he taught until 1968. His firm, Lewis Clarke Associates (LCA), completed hundreds of projects over the years, including the original master plan for the Research Triangle Institute, the N.C. Zoo, and Palmetto Dunes. Clarke retired in 2000. He passed away in 2021 at the age of 94.
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Digital content available
Size: 780.99 gigabytes (42 oral histories; 780989.255 megabytes) Collection ID: MC 00401
The Student Leaders Oral Histories contains digital audio and video recordings of interviews conducted with former NC State student leaders as part of the Student Leadership Initiative. This multi-year program has chronicled the experiences and impact of former student leaders through the collection of video oral histories, ...
MoreThe Student Leaders Oral Histories contains digital audio and video recordings of interviews conducted with former NC State student leaders as part of the Student Leadership Initiative. This multi-year program has chronicled the experiences and impact of former student leaders through the collection of video oral histories, biographical essays and digitized images. The 2010 Cathy Sterling interviews contain audio only, while the remainder of the interviews also include video. Interviews were conducted by Genya O'Gara, Jonathan Holloway, Samantha Rich, Kelly Murray , and Todd Kosmerick beginning in 2010. Contains oral histories gathered as part of the Student Leadership Initiative, a project undertaken by the Special Collections Research Center to chronicle the experiences and impact of former North Carolina State University students. The collection of the histories began in 2010 and is ongoing. This is an artificial collection, and is maintained and updated by Special Collections Research Center staff.
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Digital content available
Flink, Charles A., Thayer, Gwyneth Anne
Size: 24 gigabytes Collection ID: MC 00606
This collection contains an oral history interview with Chuck Flink that was conducted by Gwynn Thayer in 2016. Flink discusses his time as an undergraduate studying landscape architecture at North Carolina State University, his childhood and professional influences, and the trajectory of his career in promoting greenway development nationally and internationally.
Digital content available
Thayer, Gwyneth Anne
Size: 13 gigabytes; 1 file Collection ID: MC 00626
This collection contains an oral history interview with Phil Freelon that was conducted by Gwynn Thayer in 2017. Included is a full transcription of the interview. In the interview, Freelon discusses: his family and growing up in Philadelphia during the civil rights movement; the influence of the arts by his grandfather, a painter in ...
MoreThis collection contains an oral history interview with Phil Freelon that was conducted by Gwynn Thayer in 2017. Included is a full transcription of the interview. In the interview, Freelon discusses: his family and growing up in Philadelphia during the civil rights movement; the influence of the arts by his grandfather, a painter in the Harlem Renaissance; his education at Central High School; the mentorship of both John Spencer at Hampton University and Roger Clark at North Carolina State University; discrimination and diversity in the field of architectural education; the architectural profession on the national stage; acquiring projects within the public arena; his work on museums, specifically the National African American Association of Museums; and cultivating talent in a design firm and his management philosophy. Phil Freelon (1953-2019), was an African American architect who was founder and president of The Freelon Group, Inc., and then managing director and director of design of Perkins + Will, located in Durham, North Carolina. Freelon specialized in public architecture and was best known for his design of cultural museums and educational buildings in Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; San Francisco, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia; and Durham, Greensboro and Charlotte, North Carolina. Freelon led the design team that gave shape to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, won the 2012 Design Guild Award, and the same year was appointed to the United States Commission of Fine Arts by President Obama.
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Institute of Forest Genetics (U.S.)
Size: 0.5 linear feet (1 card Box) Collection ID: MC 00186
The Institute of Forest Genetics Oral Histories consist of oral history videos, in cd format, from scientists, technicians, former student interns, and sabbatical visitors who worked at the Institute over its (then) 75 years of existence. The Institute of Forest Genetics is part of the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research ...
MoreThe Institute of Forest Genetics Oral Histories consist of oral history videos, in cd format, from scientists, technicians, former student interns, and sabbatical visitors who worked at the Institute over its (then) 75 years of existence. The Institute of Forest Genetics is part of the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station. The Institute of Forest Genetics began on its present site in 1925 and was donated to the Forest Service in 1935. As the first and oldest research station devoted to investigation of forest genetic resources, the Institute of Forest Genetics led the world in development of knowledge and technique in the field. Their mission is to develop and communicate science needed to sustain forest ecosystems and their benefits to society.
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Digital content available
Size: 360 megabytes Collection ID: MC 00197
This collection contains an oral history interview with Dick Bell that was conducted by Chad Morgan in 2007. Bell discusses his career and student years at NC State. In addition to the audio recording, the collection contains field notes, abstracts, and transcripts. Born in Manteo, North Carolina, Richard C. "Dick" Bell attended the ...
MoreThis collection contains an oral history interview with Dick Bell that was conducted by Chad Morgan in 2007. Bell discusses his career and student years at NC State. In addition to the audio recording, the collection contains field notes, abstracts, and transcripts. Born in Manteo, North Carolina, Richard C. "Dick" Bell attended the NC State School of Design, graduating in 1950. After an internship with Simons and Simons Landscape Architects in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Bell won the Prix de Rome. During his career as a landscape architect in Raleigh he designed the Brickyard (University Plaza) at NC State University, Pullen Park in Raleigh, and the amphitheater at Meredith College. He also designed his office complex, called the Water Garden.
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Digital content available
Size: 1037208 megabytes; 0.25 linear feet (1 card box) Collection ID: MC 00488
The Computer Simulation Oral History Archive, 2003-2018, includes video and audio interviews of computer simulation pioneers. The video oral histories of computer simulation pioneers were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conducted from 2013-2016. The purpose of this grant initiative was to capture and preserve ...
MoreThe Computer Simulation Oral History Archive, 2003-2018, includes video and audio interviews of computer simulation pioneers. The video oral histories of computer simulation pioneers were funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conducted from 2013-2016. The purpose of this grant initiative was to capture and preserve accounts of seminal projects, related pivotal events, and distinguished project contributors from the perspectives of, and the words of, individuals who witnessed the relevant history of computer simulation firsthand. The importance of collecting these accounts is also based on the remarkable degree to which computer simulation has heavily influenced the design of computing software. The Computer Simulation Oral History Archive is a part of the Computer Simulation Archive, which was established in 1998 with substantial initial donations of papers and research materials by three pioneers in the field of computer simulation—Robert G. Sargent, Alan Pritsker, and Julian Reitman. The Computer Simulation Oral History Archive includes interviews conducted from 2003-2016, almost all of which were funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation. Computer simulation was established as a separate discipline of research and practice during the mid-1950s, with many seminal works in the field published from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s. Reflecting the diverse backgrounds of the field’s pioneers, simulation encompasses theory, methodology, and practice arising at the interface of applied probability, computer science, electrical and computer engineering, industrial and systems engineering, management, manufacturing engineering, operations research, and statistics. The roots of the computer simulation field are revealed in the broad diversity of current application domains in which the development and use of large-scale computer simulation models are critical to the design, improvement, and operational control of computer and telecommunications networks, financial systems, healthcare delivery systems, transportation systems, and governmental and military systems. The field comprises discrete-event simulation, Monte Carlo methods, combined discrete-continuous simulation as well as hybrid analytic/simulation computer models. It is noteworthy that as the field has matured, it has contributed significantly to the evolution of allied disciplines—for example, object-oriented programming in computer science and innovative resampling schemes in statistics.
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North Carolina State University. Libraries
Size: 0.25 linear feet (1 archival halfbox); 494 megabytes Collection ID: MC 00478
In this oral history, conducted in 1999, Dr. Raymond L. Murray talks about the following topics: his education and early work at Oak Ridge during World War II, the first nuclear reactor at NC State (design, construction, and safety), early experiments and nuclear engineering research using the reactor, development of the nuclear ...
MoreIn this oral history, conducted in 1999, Dr. Raymond L. Murray talks about the following topics: his education and early work at Oak Ridge during World War II, the first nuclear reactor at NC State (design, construction, and safety), early experiments and nuclear engineering research using the reactor, development of the nuclear engineering program at NC State, colleagues (especially Clifford Beck and Arthur Menius), ideas people had in the 1950s and 1960s on the use of nuclear energy, and his own contribution to the field of nuclear engineering. He also postulates on the future of nuclear energy from a perspective in the 1990s. The interviewer was Andrea Gabriel, at the time Acting Head of NC State University's Design Library. The collection consists of a CD and digital video cassettes that contain video of the oral history, as well as a printed transcript of the interview. Raymond Leroy Murray was born on February 14, 1920, in Lincoln, Nebraska and died on June 22, 2011, in Raleigh, North Carolina. He received his B.S. in education, 1940, and M.S. in physics and mathematics, 1941, from the University of Nebraska, and his Ph.D in physics from the University of Tennessee, 1950. That same year he joined the new nuclear engineering program at North Carolina State College (later University) as a physics professor. He was a key figure in establishing and operating NC State University's nuclear reactor, which was the first operated on a college campus. In 1957 he was named Burlington Professor of Physics, and from 1963 to 1974 he headed the Department of Nuclear Engineering.
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Digital content available
Schaal, Herbert R.
Size: 1608.92 Megabytes (14 files) Collection ID: MC 00615
The Herb Schaal Oral History and Lecture, 2007, contains recordings and transcripts of remarks from Schaal. Schaal gave the oral history interview at his ranch in Colorado as part of an EDAW project to capture the firm's history, and he delivered the lecture to a gathering of EDAW employees. Schaal reflected on his experiences in ...
MoreThe Herb Schaal Oral History and Lecture, 2007, contains recordings and transcripts of remarks from Schaal. Schaal gave the oral history interview at his ranch in Colorado as part of an EDAW project to capture the firm's history, and he delivered the lecture to a gathering of EDAW employees. Schaal reflected on his experiences in landscape architecture; his devotion to the field's basic agenda of art, society and ecology; his approach to design and form-making; his observations about the evolution of EDAW and how that relates to the history and evolution of landscape architecture; and his thoughts on firm culture. Herb Schaal, a native of the Bay area in California, is founding principal of the Fort Collins office of EDAW, now AECOM. Schaal received his Bachelor of Science in Landscape Architecture from Cal Poly Pomona and his Master of Landscape Architecture from State University of New York at Syracuse. He worked in North Carolina and at NC State's Department of Landscape Architecture for Richard Moore, then chair of the department and previously Schaal's professor at Cal Poly Pomona. Schaal's work has included urban design studies; site planning and design for corporate facilities and campuses; highway and corridor work; and re-vegetation of difficult sites and disturbed areas. His specialty is public gardens, including educational gardens for children and contemplative gardens for healthcare facilities. Dozens of Schaal's projects have been recognized for awards by the American Society of Landscape Architects, of which he is a Fellow.
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Digital content available
Thayer, Gwyneth Anne, Wolford, Taylor
Size: 6 gigabytes; 2 files Collection ID: MC 00719
This collection contains an oral history with Nora Lynn Finch conducted by Gwynn Thayer and Taylor Wolford in July 2022. Included is a full transcription of the interview. In the interview, Finch discusses: playing sports from a young age (particularly with her brother); coaching at Wake Forest University and Peace College; meeting ...
MoreThis collection contains an oral history with Nora Lynn Finch conducted by Gwynn Thayer and Taylor Wolford in July 2022. Included is a full transcription of the interview. In the interview, Finch discusses: playing sports from a young age (particularly with her brother); coaching at Wake Forest University and Peace College; meeting Kay Yow and being hired at NC State; her relationship with Athletics Director Willis Casey; the implementation of Title IX and discrimination against women athletes; her role models; and trans athletes. Nora Lynn Finch attended Western Carolina where she played field hockey, volleyball, basketball, and tennis. She received a BS in Education in 1970 and Masters of Education in 1971. After doing some officiating, Finch coached women's basketball and other women's sports at Wake Forest University then at Peace College (where she also served as Director of Athletics). After acting as Coordinator of Women's Athletics for two years, Finch became Assistant Director of Athletics, the first woman in N.C. to hold the title. When Jim Valvano promoted her to Associate Director of Athletics, she became the first woman athletics director in the ACC to hold that title and the first at an ACC school to be the primary administrator for men's sports (soccer, track and field, and swimming). She would serve as the Senior Women's Administrator at NC State for over 30 years.
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Digital content available
Morgan, Chad (Chad Henderson)
Size: 0.5 linear feet (3 audiotapes, 3 transcripts, 3 digital files) Collection ID: MC 00067
This collection contains tapes, transcripts, and biographies for three interviews conducted in 2007 by Chad Morgan, a member of the NC State University Libraries staff. The interviews were conducted with people who had known B. W. Wells. Bertram Whittier Wells (1884 – 1978) was a prominent plant ecologist and head of the botany ...
MoreThis collection contains tapes, transcripts, and biographies for three interviews conducted in 2007 by Chad Morgan, a member of the NC State University Libraries staff. The interviews were conducted with people who had known B. W. Wells. Bertram Whittier Wells (1884 – 1978) was a prominent plant ecologist and head of the botany department at North Carolina State College (later North Carolina State University). Wells received a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1917, and in 1919 joined the faculty at North Carolina State, where he stayed until he retired from teaching in 1954. Wells was known for his 1932 book, The Natural Gardens of North Carolina, as well as the hand-tinted lantern slides that illustrated his lectures. In 2007, NC State University Libraries staff conducted oral history interviews with people who had known Wells as part of the exhibit B. W. Wells: Pioneer Ecologist.
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Digital content available
North Carolina State University Libraries, Special Collections Research Center
Size: 58 files; 107.9 gigabytes Collection ID: MC 00449
Digital audio and video recordings of interviews conducted with former North Carolina State University faculty, staff, and students as part of the Institutional History Documentation Initiative. Interviews were conducted by Virginia Ferris beginning in 2014. Contains oral histories gathered as part of the Institutional History ...
MoreDigital audio and video recordings of interviews conducted with former North Carolina State University faculty, staff, and students as part of the Institutional History Documentation Initiative. Interviews were conducted by Virginia Ferris beginning in 2014. Contains oral histories gathered as part of the Institutional History Documentation Initiative, a project undertaken by the NC State University Libraries' Special Collections Research Center to chronicle the experiences and impact of former North Carolina State University faculty, staff, and students. The collection of the histories began in 2014 and is ongoing. This is an artificial collection, and is maintained and updated by Special Collections Research Center staff.
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Digital content available
Animal Rights Network
Size: 0.75 linear feet (1 card box, 1 box) Collection ID: MC 00582
This collection is comprised of oral history interviews (with transcriptions included) with four leaders of the animal protection movement: Christine Stevens, John A. Hoyt, Michael W. Fox, and Roger A. Caras.
Size: 86 megabytes Collection ID: MC 00633
This collection is an oral history conducted by Kristina Baltutis of Dr. Lee Simmons at the Omaha Zoo. Dr. Lee G. Simmons received his DVM from Oklahoma State University in 1963. His first position at a zoo was curator of mammals at the Columbus Ohio Zoo in 1963. He later became staff veterinarian and assistant director. His next ...
MoreThis collection is an oral history conducted by Kristina Baltutis of Dr. Lee Simmons at the Omaha Zoo. Dr. Lee G. Simmons received his DVM from Oklahoma State University in 1963. His first position at a zoo was curator of mammals at the Columbus Ohio Zoo in 1963. He later became staff veterinarian and assistant director. His next appointment, in 1966, was as the veterinarian at the Omaha Zoo. Dr. Simmons later became assistant director and then, in 1970, the zoo director. After his retirement as director he served as the chairman of the board for the Omaha Zoo Foundation. Dr. Lee Simmons is Director Emeritus of the Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium in Omaha, Nebraska.
Kristina Baltutis, DVM, is a graduate of NC State's College of Veterinary Medicine. At the time of the interview she was a student at the College of Veterinary Medicine.
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Digital content available
Flournoy, William L., Jr., Thayer, Gwyneth Anne
Size: 19.1 gigabytes Collection ID: MC 00636
This collection contains an oral history interview with William L. Flournoy, Jr. that was conducted by Gwynn Thayer in 2017. Included is a full transcription of the interview. William L. Flournoy Jr., Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, is one of the first individuals to propose a greenway system plan. Flournoy is ...
MoreThis collection contains an oral history interview with William L. Flournoy, Jr. that was conducted by Gwynn Thayer in 2017. Included is a full transcription of the interview. William L. Flournoy Jr., Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, is one of the first individuals to propose a greenway system plan. Flournoy is a graduate of North Carolina State University (B.S., Recreation and Parks Administration, 1966-1969; Master of Landscape Architecture, 1969-1972) and worked for the Wake County Planning Department and the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Flournoy has worked in public services for more than three decades, working to improve the park system, bicycle transportation, and environmental causes.
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Digital content available
Matsumoto, George, 1922-, Hill, David
Size: 0.5 linear feet (1 archival box); 3411.4908 megabytes; 51 pages; 5 files Collection ID: MC 00196
The David Hill Oral Histories of George Matsumoto is a collection of oral histories conducted by NC State School of Architecture Dean David Hill with George Matsumoto in 2009. During the oral histories, Matsumoto discusses his early life, living in an internment camp, studying at the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and his architecture and ...
MoreThe David Hill Oral Histories of George Matsumoto is a collection of oral histories conducted by NC State School of Architecture Dean David Hill with George Matsumoto in 2009. During the oral histories, Matsumoto discusses his early life, living in an internment camp, studying at the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and his architecture and teaching career in North Carolina and California. The oral histories discussing Matsumoto’s career in North Carolina and California have been redacted to protect the privacy of the interviewee. George Matsumoto (1922-2016) was a Japanese-American architect and educator who is most known for his award-winning, modernist designs. In 1948, Matsumoto became a faculty member at the School (later College) of Design of North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering (later North Carolina State University). During his tenure at the School of Design, Matsumoto won more than thirty awards for his residential work, and his achievements in design were widely published. At the time of the interview, David Hill, AIA, was an Associate Professor of Architecture and Co-Director of the Coastal Dynamics Design Lab at the NC State University College of Design where he taught full-time since 2007. As of 2017, David Hill is the Dean of the College of Design. While at NC State, Hill has led graduate and undergraduate design studios, digital representation courses, and seminars that focus on integrative digital simulation processes, architectural prototypes, and design strategies for coastal regions.
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Digital content available
Morgan, Chad (Chad Henderson)
Size: 0.5 linear feet (1 archival halfbox) Collection ID: MC 00071
This collection contains cassette audiotapes, transcripts, abstracts, and biographies for 2 interviews (with four people total) conducted in 2007 by Chad Morgan, a member of the NC State University Libraries staff. The interviews were conducted with former staff members who had worked at the library during the integration period of ...
MoreThis collection contains cassette audiotapes, transcripts, abstracts, and biographies for 2 interviews (with four people total) conducted in 2007 by Chad Morgan, a member of the NC State University Libraries staff. The interviews were conducted with former staff members who had worked at the library during the integration period of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1962 Edward Walker was hired as the first full-time African-American staff member at the NC State University Libraries. In 1970 William V. Frazier was hired as the first African-American in a professional librarian position. In 2007 NC State University Libraries staff conducted oral history interviews with former staff member who had worked during the integration period of the 1960s and 1970s.
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