First Temple of the Atom

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Nuclear Reactor

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"FIRST TEMPLE OF THE ATOM"

North Carolina State College

THE STORY OF THE RALEIGH RESEARCH REACTOR ON THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE CAMPUS

In August, 1945, mankind first used atomic energy in a way that halted World War II. The devastating results are now history. In September, 1953, mankind reached a milestone in preparing to use atoms for education and free enterprise, when North Carolina State College launch- ed the world's first college-owned, openly-operated nu- clear reactor. Its story is a major item in the development of atoms for peace.

Gordon Gray President, University of North Carolina

Cover Pictures -- Ralph Mills * Layout And Editing -- Stantford Martin, Jr.
Developed In The School of Engineering

The Hopeful Signal . . .

On September 3, 1953, two armed couriers completed their journey from the laboratories of Oak Ridge to the campus of North Carolina State College. And at 59 minutes past midnight in the early morning hours of September 5, 1953, the Raleigh Research Reactor breathed with nuclear life for the first time.

For 51 months-four years and 12 weeks-the world's first college-owned nuclear reactor was in the making, evolving from a dream through negotiations, design, and construction to ini- tial operation.

At the time, Howard Blakeslee, the late science editor of the nation's Associated Press Service, called the nuclear re- actor of State College "the first temple of the atom"-because of its public nature.

His opinion was well-based. The N. C. State nuclear reactor is (1) the first to be used entirely for peacetime training and re- search, (2) the first to be operated on any college campus as a non-AEC reactor, (3) the first to be open for public inspection with visitors welcomed.

It is being operated for three basic purposes:

To provide a teaching tool through which nuclear engineers can be trained in programs leading to B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in nuclear engineering. To provide a research tool through which radiation can be generated for experiments in all areas of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, agriculture, engineering, and related fields. To explore ways and means of removing heat from larger reactors for the production of power.

In 1949 when Dr. Clifford K. Beck conceived the idea of a nu- clear reactor as the hub of an envisioned course in Nuclear En- gineering for State College, over 90 per cent of the nation's

Atomic Energy program was directed toward military ends. Little thought or enthusiasm was given to peacetime uses for the atom. Yet, the idea for this reactor grew out of the beliefs that "(1) nuclear processes would eventually become as impor- tant to our civilian economy as they already were to our military security and (2) the established colleges have the responsibility of training students and exploring potential benefits in this field as they have done in other areas of technical endeavor."

By late 1953, events in the Far East, the Near East, and other parts of the world convinced the United States that means for winning friendly nations might well be as important as means for delivering atomic bombs on enemy cities. And so, our na- tion intensified its efforts in the solemn mission of producing atomic power for peaceful purposes and sharing such tech- nology with others.

Today, we stand at the gateway to a new era of nuclear energy. According to the Soviet government, a pilot plant, run by nuclear fuel, began producing electricity in Russia last June. England has been working hard on a large power plant for over two years. Norway, Sweden, and France are pushing plans for such plants. And the United States began full-scale efforts in this direction in October, 1953.

So far, Brazil, Belgium, Sweden, India, Spain, Germany, Japan, Turkey, Australia, and Argentina, among foreign na- tions, and 20 universities in this country, have sent representa- tives to Raleigh to learn how a research reactor project is de- veloped. In its first year of operation, the State College Reactor attracted over 6,000 visitors.

A new national society of Nuclear Science and Engineering has been formed, with recent public meetings of nuclear scien- tists attracting over 1,000 delegates. And in this growing tide, the Raleigh Research Reactor stands like a beacon flashing the hopeful signal-"Atoms for Peace, Atoms for Peace . . ."

How-it has been asked many times-did this project come about?

In the beginning was the ground breaking, observed here by Physicists Menius, Meares, Lancaster, and Beck.

When completed, the Reactor Shield had 8 sides with radiation ports in each side and trenches for work tables.

The Dream...

Right after World War II, State College entered an era of transition and expansion unparalleled in its history. Millions of dollars were being invested in new buildings, in modern equip- ment, and in a general effort to make the college more excel- lent and more useful to all the people.

Led by the far-sighted vision of Dean J. H. Lampe, the School of Engineering was working day and night to raise its stan- dards, to expand its physical facilities, to increase the number and stature of its staff, to build the training opportunities and activities of its graduate students.

By 1948, it was obvious the Physics Department would have to be expanded and strengthened to achieve the Dean's plans and ambitions for the School of Engineering. Traditionally, the Department had provided "service" instruction primarily at the sophomore level. But it could hardly furnish foundational sup- port to the graduate programs in engineering unless its own ranks, facilities, and instructional program in Engineering Phy- sics were bolstered.

So, in 1949 the Legislature allocated funds to renovate and re-equip the physics laboratories and to add new members to the staff. In early June of that year, the quest of college offi- cials for a new head of the Physics Department, to succeed Prof. C. M. Heck who had retired after many years of devoted service, led to Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

There they found the man in Clifford K. Beck, then Director of Research and Co-director of the Laboratory Division at Car- bide's K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant. A native North Caro- linian from Rowan County, Dr. Beck had earned degrees from Catawba College, Vanderbilt University, and the University of North Carolina. He had worked two years on the now historic Atomic Energy (Manhattan) Project at Columbia Uni- versity in the early forties, and in the mid-forties had gone to Oak Ridge where he worked five years until his call to State College.

When N. C. State approached him, Dr. Beck was ready to return to the teaching profession in which he had served for

As building progresses, a dome roof covers the Reactor and a 110-foot ventiliation air stack starts up at right.

With the Reactor ready, Dr. Beck greets two armed cou- riers arriving with the nuclear fuel from Oak Ridge.

... And Origin

five years between Catawba and Vanderbilt days. Although other major institutions had invited him, the State College op- portunity attracted him-for here was a growing School of Engineering led by forward-looking people and a Physics De- partment faced with the challenge to expand.

The desire of State College to develop its Physics Depart- ment gave him an idea. Physics, like the rest of the world, had been ushered into a new age-the Atomic Age. Physics, in fact, had done most of the ushering. Then why not develop the State College Physics Department around a small nuclear re- actor-a research and teaching reactor on which future Nuclear Engineers might be trained?

The idea was startling, at first, but did not seem impossible. Dr. Beck discussed it informally with responsible members of the AEC before suggesting it to college officials. The en- couragement his colleagues and associates in the AEC gave the idea was fundamental to its future development. Many thoughtful and responsible AEC members were concerned about the lack of civilian opportunities in this historic new field. It was natural, then, that they extended vigorous support to Dr. Beck's unique idea of a nuclear reactor at N. C. State Col- lege.

Reception of the idea by college officials was equally en- thusiastic. Particular recognition must be given to the support of J. H. Lampe, Dean of Engineering, the late J. W. Harrelson, who was then Chancellor of State College, and W. D. Car- michael, Jr. who was then Acting President of the University. These administrative leaders bore official responsibilities dur- ing the crucial decisions on the Reactor Project. They not only accepted the responsibility of the project but vigorously pro- moted and encouraged it. This nuclear reactor stands today be- cause of their support and resolute courage.

And so, an idea met a man, a commission, and a college. And today, the idea has become a program attracting 6,000 visitors a year, awarding the first Ph.D. degrees in Nuclear Engi- neering, operating the first college-owned nuclear reactor.

The first uranium is poured in Reactor loading tube as Dr. Beck maintains close contact with the control room.

This panel controls fuel to run the Reactor 300 years, giving more radiation than $200 million worth of radium.

Beyond The Bounds Of Normal Duties...

In the words of its director, Dr. C. K. Beck, "The success of the training program in Nuclear Engineering and of the Re- search Reactor Project must be credited to the loyalty and support of the staff, both those here at the outset of the new program and those who have joined us since the venture was launched. To promote this program, scientists, physicists, and dedicated teachers have labored tirelessly, sometimes tedi- ously, with devotion and persistence beyond the usual boun- daries of assigned duties. To them, this college, the people of North Carolina, and the nation owe much for creating the first non-AEC nuclear reactor program in the history of the world.

"It is not possible to call the whole roll. But even a brief account must recognize the contributions of a dependable core of devoted colleagues who shouldered major parts of the job."

DR. ARTHUR C. MENIUS, JR. B. S. from Catawba College, 1937 . . . Ph.D. from UNC, 1942 . . . physics staff, Clemson College, 1942-44 . . . war re- search with Johns Hopkins Applied Research Laboratory, Silver Springs, Maryland . . . back to Clemson in 1946 to N. C. State in 1949 . . . in their native Rowan County, at Catawba College, and at UNC, Beck and Menius were student associates . . . he helped plan the Nuclear Engineer- ing course . . . assisted in all areas of designing and build- ing the reactor. Now Graduate Administrator in the Physics Department.

DR. ARTHUR WALTNER B. S. from Bethel College in his native Kansas, 1938 . . . M.S. from Kansas State, 1943 . . . Ph.D. from UNC, 1948 . . . joined State College physics staff immediately . . . con- tributed to the Instrumentation System of the Reactor . . . developed nuclear physics and special techniques laboratory courses . . . served as an exchange professor in the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology, 1952-53 . . . now initiating vigorous experimental program for use of the Reactor in re- search projects.

DR. RAYMOND L. MURRAY Trained to M. S. level in Nebraska . . . did research work at University of California's radiation laboratory . . . studied under Oppenheimer . . . became production and research supervisor of the Electromagnetic Center at Oak Ridge - after war, earned Ph.D. degree from Tennessee University in 1950 . . . having collaborated with Beck on several assign- ments at Oak Ridge, he joined the new venture at N. C. State in September, 1950 . . . helped with calculations, design speci- fications, preparation of reports on the Reactor . . . organized and developed special instructional courses in Nuclear En- gineering and Reactor Theory . . . authored the department's first textbook in the field, "Introduction to Nuclear Engi- neering." Now Deputy Director of the Nuclear Reactor.

DR. NEWTON UNDERWOOD Undergraduate degree from Emory in his native Georgia. . . . Ph.D. from Brown University, 1934 . . . instructor at Hood College, 1932-36 . . . joined Vanderbilt staff in 1936 . . . with two absences, remained at Vanderbilt until coming to State College in 1950 . . . worked on Manhattan Project at Columbia University, 1941-42 . . . member of the Research Laboratory of the K-25 plant at Oak Ridge, 1948-49 . . . has strengthened the instructional programs in Physics . . . used his skill and ingenuity as an experimentalist, especially in electronics, to help plan the Reactor instrumentation system.

... A Loyal Staff Has Labored

MR. HAROLD LAMONDS Did part-time work as an undergraduate . . . served as a research associate during his Master's program . . . now serv- ing as a staff member while working for his Ph.D. . . . Helped complete the plans for Reactor instrumentation . . . constructed, installed, and tested this system . . . also ex- tended it to include improved features . . . directs and de- velops younger colleagues. Now Instrumentation Supervisor of the Reactor.

MR. JOE LUNDHOLM M.S. from Kansas State, 1948 . . . three years in the Instrumentation Section of the Oak Ridge National Labora- tory . . . came to State in September, 1953, to assist reactor staff and work on Ph.D. . . has helped alter and extend several auxiliary systems . . . helped install automatically operating and well-engineered components . . . making reactor operation more convenient and efficient. Now Reactor Supervisor.

Led By A Dynamic Teacher, Administrator, And Physicist ...Clifford K. Beck

Holding degrees from Catawba College (B.S., 1933), Van- derbilt University (M.S., 1940), and the University of North Carolina (Ph.D., 1942), Dr. Beck came to State College late in 1949 after serving for two years at Columbia University on the historic Manhattan Project and for five years as a Director of Research at Oak Ridge. At the time, State Col- lege did not have an undergraduate student majoring in phy- sics. Today there are more than 125 undergraduate depart- mental majors and 43 graduate students. Today, also, there stands on the North Carolina State College campus the first University Research Reactor in the world. And less than a year after the Reactor was activated, N. C. State granted the first two Ph.D.'s in nuclear engineering ever awarded. The man who conceived this venture and has directed its growth was born in the rolling Piedmont country of North Carolina, in Rowan County along the Yadkin River, the old- est of eleven children. After working his way through Cataw- ba College, he taught school for several years to help put some of his family through college. Later he went on to earn his Ph.D., and early in 1942 went to work for the Atomic Energy Commission. From there, he went to Oak Ridge and finally to N. C. State College.
The man from Rowan at the control of his unique Reactor.

As A Teaching Tool...

Realizing the great possibilities for service in the atomic energy field, our School of Engineering made a concerted effort to create a program through which young men could learn to develop atomic energy for constructive purposes. This program was effectuated in 1949 by a dynamic staff whose greatest contributions have been to train capable young men for the growing atomic energy industry. J. Harold Lampe Dean, School of Engineering

"Thousands of technical people in nuclear projects need a considerable core of basic information in nuclear physics, re- actor behavior, fundamental traits of radioactive materials, rudiments of the hazards and safety precautions. . etc. . .in addition to their usual scientific and engineering skills."

For these reasons, the North Carolina State College Physics Department has developed a unique course in Nuclear Engi- neering, to train strong, capable nuclear specialists and engi- neers for the future. It trains students in basic science and engi- neering courses and exposes them as well to a solid core of nuclear technology courses.

For students scheduling a Master's program in Nuclear En- gineering, after an undergraduate degree in some other field, one or two terms of preparatory courses are required before they begin the regular graduate work.

For students scheduling Nuclear Engineering from the outset of their college careers, an undergraduate program has been developed. The undergraduate program in Nuclear Engineer- ing includes:

General Cultural: English, Humanities, etc 18 %Military and Physical Education 7Basic Science: Math, Physics, Chemistry 33Basic Engineering: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, etc 16 Nuclear Technology: Reactor theory, Radio activity techniques 18 Technical Electives in approved sequences 18

The number of students enrolling in this program is steadily growing. In its first three years, this program granted 60 B.S., 47 M.S., and two Ph.D. degrees. In the 1955 school year, the program had 170 students enrolled in combined undergraduate and graduate work.

The Nuclear Reactor serves as a tool to help train Nuclear Engineering students in three ways:

1-A sequence of Reactor experiments has been developed to serve advanced students like a formal laboratory course. These experiments accompany or follow a course on Elemen- tary Reactor Theory, devoting much attention to the funda- mental characteristics of reactors and their use. 2-Most of the graduate students in Nuclear Engineering use the reactor on their thesis research. 3-Many self-help students are employed as part-time as- sistants on reactor operations and on research projects in- volving the reactor.

Recent graduates of the world's first Nuclear Engineering curriculum are doing nuclear work for the Air Force. Some are working on nuclear-powered submarines for Westinghouse and General Electric, others on nuclear-powered aircraft pro- jects for Consolidated Vultee, Pratt Whitney, and General Electric. Still others are nuclear technicians on reactor projects at AEC national laboratories. All are working on major reactor development projects across the nation.

". . . the Colleges and Universities have a responsibility in this new area of technology, as they traditionally have had in other areas, to explore applications from which potential bene- fits to mankind might arise."

Upon this premise, the nuclear reactor at State College was proposed. In addition to being a teaching tool, the Reactor serves as the heart of a diverse and far-reaching research pro- gram. Its potentialities in research are great. Some projects already under way show how versatile the Reactor is as a research instrument.

Radiation Effects on Textile Fibers

Radiation may better the properties of textile fiber by re- arranging its molecules. When such molecules are exposed to radiation, many little-understood rearrangements occur --ioniza- tion, broken bonds, cross-linking between molecules, fragmen-

. . . And A Research Tool

tation, etc. Major physical changes occur, some useful, some harmful. Cooperating with the National Bureau of Standards and the college's School of Textiles, the Reactor staff is work- ing to understand the effects of radiation and how they alter physical properties.

Genetic Effects of Radiation

Exposing the reproductive tissues of plants and animals to radiation affects their offspring by causing changes in the genes. Today, when more exposure to radiation is certain to occur, it is necessary to understand what changes are caused in the basic interaction between radiation and organic tissue. The Reactor staff is working with the biologists on such studies.

Porosity of Ceramic Coatings to Gases at High Temperatures

In certain engineering applications, it is important to know whether selected gases can penetrate ceramic coatings at high temperatures. Working with the college Mineral Industries De- partment and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Reactor staff is producing such gases in radioactive form inside of cera- mic-coated sandwiches. The radioactive nature of the gases is easily detectable when they penetrate the ceramic coatings.

Analysis of Trace Impurities by Activation

When exposed to intense neutron beams, most elements be- come radioactive and their presence can be detected by in- struments sensitive to radiation. In some cases, one part of an impurity in one billion can be detected, far smaller than any- thing chemicals or microscopes can detect. Working with the Animal Industry Department, the Reactor staff is now searching for a way of measuring the vanishingly small trace of manga- nese in the blood of animals. Studying the body's use of "micro- nutrients," biologists say manganese appears in amounts too small to be seen by even electron microscopes-although it is a very important ingredient of blood.

Nuclear, Atomic, and Molecular Properties of Materials

Much of the research work with the reactor deals with un- spectacular, but essential, problems in basic science-such phenomena as neutron absorption, crystal structure, magnetic properties of nuclei, scattering and diffussion of neutrons, etc.

A graduate student, working for a degree in Nuclear En- gineering, studies pulses of radiation from the Reactor.

The staff is now building a pile oscillator, a slow-speed neutron chopper, a pulse-height analyzer, etc. to use in this basic re- search. Although studies with such instruments deal in highly technical, seemingly obscure theory, their results might be as important as the development of a new textile fiber. In any case, they are blazing new trails into the unknown-where anything is possible.

The unique center attracts many groups. Here Senator Malone of Nevada, center, discusses with Dean Lampe, left, and Dr. Beck, right, such a possible program for Nevada University. With him are two Nevada trustees.

Its Administration And Finances ...

The Raleigh Research Reactor project was initiated, organ- ized, and developed in the Physics Department of the School of Engineering at North Carolina State College.

It has two administrative purposes: (1) To serve the teaching and research programs of the Physics Department; (2) To serve the research needs of other departments and schools on the campus, as well as other educational, industrial, and govern- mental institutions in the area.

This puts a heavy load on the Reactor staff. To meet these diverse demands-including the extra supplies, equipment, and staff imposed by service and cooperative research with outside groups-the following operational policy has been set:

The Reactor is operated by the Director, who is also head of the Physics Department, and his selected staff. Instructional and research projects conducted by the physics staff on the Reactor are supported by the regular college budget. Exten- sive outside projects-research for other departments and schools on the campus, and other institutions in the area-are accepted on a self-supporting basis. That is, groups outside the Physics Department pay for their projects on the reactor out of their own research budgets.

In addition to teaching basic physics to students from other departments, a physics staff of 18 people teaches over 170 students majoring in physics and also teaches over 800 students each year from other schools and departments on the campus.

Administrative developments in the Physics Department since 1949 include four major steps:

1-Expansion of the staff, the functions, and the facilities of the Physics Department.

2-Organization of a training program in Nuclear Engi- neering, including sufficient staff and laboratories.

3-Major growth in graduate students, in both Engineer- ing Physics and Nuclear Engineering.

4-Creation of a teaching and research Nuclear Reactor. Complete cost of the Raleigh Research Reactor and the Bur- lington Nuclear Laboratory Building includes:

For preliminary studies, negotiations with the AEC and actual construction of the Reactor. (From college allocations) $130,000

For the Reactor Building (From the Burlington Mills Foundation) $200,000 (From college allocations) $180,000

For completing the center, securing furniture, and labora-tory equipment. (From 1953 Legislature) $120,000Total capital investment approximately $630,000

As The First Non-Secret Nuclear Reactor

. . . The N. C. State College Reactor has been featured by such mediums as Newsweek, New York Times, Investors' Reader, Business Week, New York Herald Tribune, the three major news services (AP, UP, INS), and scores of news- papers, radio stations, and professional journals across the nation.

. . . It has attracted nearly 6,000 visitors a year since 1953, including special delegations from 12 foreign nations and 20 American universities, who have come to learn how to develop a research reactor project.

. . . It has enabled the college to award the first two Ph.D. degrees ever granted in Nuclear Engineering, in 1954, and to develop the nation's first curriculum in Nuclear Engineer- ing offering three academic degrees: B.S., M.S., Ph.D.

. . . It has played a vital part in developing one of the nation's first textbooks on ways and means of using atomic energy for peacetime purposes-written by its Deputy Director, Dr. Raymond L. Murray.

The heart, or core, of the Reactor has five parts: 1-Fuel Container. A 4-gallon stain- less steel cylinder, 11 inches in diameter and 11 inches high. 2-Small Metal Pellet. For discharging steady stream of neutrons into the fuel to react with the uranium. 3-Control Rods. Two boron rods, 3/4 inch thick and 12 inches long, used to activate and stop the reactor. 4-Cooling System. Four gallons a minute of cold water flowing through cooling coils immersed into the fuel. 5-Gas Disposal System. To recom- bine and condense radioactive waste gases formed in the fuel cylinder.

Its Physical Facilities: Some Facts Of Reactor Life

To understand the unique Burlington Nuclear Laboratories Building, it is first necessary to understand some elementary facts of nuclear physics and some basic characteristics of the Reactor itself.

1-Three chief materials may be used as nuclear fuel-Ur- anium 235 (U-235), Plutonium 249 (Pu-249), and Uranium 233 (U-233).

Both uranium and plutonium are harmless looking, slightly radioactive metals. They can be handled, car- ried about, machined, melted, hammered, etc., without danger of nuclear explosion, provided they are not brought into certain geometrical configurations, into accumulations of a particular size, and mixed with certain otherwise harmless ingredients. When configur- ations, ingredients, and geometrics are correctly ad- justed, the nuclear fuel releases its stored up energy. The nature of the conditions determine how this trans- pires. Under certain conditions, it will explode violent- ly: an atomic explosion. Under other conditions and mixtures of ingredients, the energy can be released at a controlled rate, at any desired level. The assembly in which this controlled release occurs is a nuclear reactor.

2-When the nuclear fuel "burns" or fissions, which is the splitting up of atoms into parts (either in an atomic bomb or in a nuclear reactor), three primary products are released: (1) heat, (2) radiation-of many kinds, (3) fission products, which are the fragments of the split atoms or the "ashes" of the fuel. Heat. Most of the energy released by nuclear reactions

is in the form of heat. It is released uniformly through- out the fuel, not just on the surface. Except for this, it is similar to heat from any other source. When elec- tricity or other useful power is obtained from nuclear fuel, it will be secured by using the heat released by nuclear reaction. For example, the heat may be used to produce steam which, in turn, may drive a turbine that generates electricity. The most exciting fact about heat from nuclear fuel is the amount. One pound of uranium can release the same amount of heat as three million pounds of coal.

Radiation. When nuclear fuel is burned, many kinds of radiation are given off. The most important kinds are (1) gamma rays and (2) neutrons. Both gam- mas and neutrons are invisible, penetrating, dangerous, and damaging. Both travel in straight lines until they collide with something, and then they "scatter." Basic- ally, neutrons and gammas are different. Gamma rays are rapidly weakened by penetrating layers of lead or other heavy metals. But they penetrate light ele- ments, like hydrogen and carbon, quite readily. Neu- trons behave oppositely. They penetrate lead almost as readily as air. But they are quickly absorbed by such hydrogen materials as water or paraffin.

Fission Products. The fragments left after the "burn- ing" or fissioning of the atoms in nuclear fuel are called "fission products." Some are gaseous. Others are solid. All are very radioactive. Many are poisonous to the continuation of the nuclear reaction which produced them. At intervals, they must be removed from the unburned fuel, as ashes are removed from a coal fur- nace. This is very difficult to do. If a large nuclear power industry develops, the disposal of radioactive wastes will be one of the most difficult problems to solve.

3-Pros and Con of Radiation. Radiation in large amounts is not only dangerous to living organisms, but is also destructive to many solids, including structural materials. Equipment for using the heat from a reactor must with- stand radiation. This is one problem hindering develop- ment in some areas, including economical production of power from nuclear reactors.

On the other hand, radiation is not all nuisance. When exposed to radiation, most materials themselves become radioactive. This fact underlies the production of most radioisotopes. Many of these are valuable to medical ther- apy, research, and scientific exploration.

Also, the direct effect of radiation itself on chemicals, on crystals, on genetics in living organisms, is interesting and valuable to scientific research.

Here is the core of the Reactor -- a 4-gallon can for the nuclear fuel, the cooling coils, and the control rods.

Reactor Fuel And Reactor Core . . .

The Raleigh Research Reactor "runs on a 4-gallon can of greenish-yellow liquid-a uranium solution bubbling like ginger ale that will last 300 years."

In these words, Newsweek magazine once described the heart of the State College Nuclear Reactor. The Atomic Energy Commission supplied 999 grams of U-235, but only 787 grams were needed to bring the Reactor into operation. The fuel was delivered in 12 small bottles in carefully weighed portions, to insure correct incremental addition to the Reactor.

The heart, or core, of the Reactor has five basic parts:

1-The Fuel Container. This is a 4-gallon stainless steel cylinder, 11 inches in diameter, 11 inches high. The Reactor was started by pouring successive portions of the liquid fuel into this cylinder and diluting it after each addition with a measured volume of water, until the correct "critical mass" of fuel had been added.

2-A Small Metal Pellet. As the fuel was added, a small metal pellet containing radium and beryllium discharged into the cylinder a continuous stream of neutrons. These neutrons do the same for nuclear fuel as oxygen does for coal or gas combustion. They react with the nuclei of uranium atoms. When an adequate fuel supply had accumulated, the neutrons from the metal pellet reacting with the uranium nuclei start- ed a nuclear chain-reaction. The Reactor was then "on its own power."

3-Control Rods. As the population of neutrons in the fuel increases, the Reactor power rises. As the neutrons de- crease, the Reactor power lowers. To control the neutron population, neutron absorbing control rods are inserted or removed. The operator of the Reactor controls it by two ver- ticle rods, motor-driven inside of sheaths in the fuel cylinder. To activate the Reactor, these rods are raised from the fuel. Its power grows with the distance the rods are lifted from the solution. To stop the Reactor, the rods are lowered and fully inserted into the fuel. One rod will stop the reaction, but two are provided for safety. These rods are operated from a control panel overlooking the Reactor Room.

4-A Cooling System. To keep the solution at a desired temperature, the heat must be removed. This requires a cooling system. Four gallons a minute of cold water flows through cooling coils immersed in the fuel solution, permit- ting the Reactor to operate at its maximum level of 10,000 watts (heat equivalent) while still maintaining a temperature of 70 to 80 degrees C.

5-A Gas Recombiner-Disposal System. As the Reactor operates, a small amount of gas forms in the fuel solution, accumulating in the top of the 4-gallon cylinder. This gas is largely hydrogen and oxygen caused by the radiation- decomposition of water in the solution, with some gaseous fission products. The gas cannot be released because it is too radioactive. It cannot be stored because it is so explosive. The alternative is to recombine the hydrogen and oxygen into water, which is done in a special catalyst chamber, and store the residue of gaseous fission products. These gases are stored in a special water-submerged system until their dan- gerous radioactivity has disappeared, and then they are re- leased through the ventilation stack of the building in harm- lessly diluted concentrations.

Enclosing the Reactor core -- the small can of fuel and its connecting controls -- is this massive, 250-ton shield.

Reactor Shield And Its Access Ports . . .

The heart or core of the Reactor is enclosed in a snug-fitting aluminum safety envelope. This envelope consists of two parts: (1) a stove-pipe portion around the core which extends up- ward to the other part; (2) a large rectangular "box" con- taining the drive motors of the control and safety rods and other components.

If heat were the only ingredient given off by nuclear re- action, this core would be the only component needed in a nuclear reactor. But radiation is another thing. It demands many layers of materials to absorb it.

The first blanket of shield surrounding the core is 22 to 24 inches of special high purity graphite. Around the graphite is a layer of lead, 4 to 8 inches thick. Covering the lead is a massive bulk of special concrete, 5 to 6 feet thick. The entire

shield covering the small can of fuel and its connecting con- trols is a huge octagonal structure, 17 feet across and 12 1/2 feet high. It weighs more than half a million pounds, including over 200 tons of concrete, 10 tons of graphite, and 13 tons of lead. The massive eight-sided shield resembles "a huge con- crete derby, with a wide, flat brim," as the College News Bu- reau once described it.

Actually, the small reactor core at the center of all this shielding is the heart of the assembly in which heat and ra- diation from the nuclear fuel is generated. Most of the 250- ton bulk is the shield in which the radiation is absorbed.

The rays and radiation particles penetrating the fuel cylin- der number almost a million million neutron particles and fully as many gamma rays each second over each square centimeter of the surface. The slowest rays and particles move over a mile per second, with some moving at nearly the speed of light, 186,- 000 miles a second. Any living organism exposed to full radia- tion from the Reactor core operating at full power would die in a few minutes.

Openings in the Reactor shield enable radiation beams to flow into external samples or permit samples to be inserted close to the core for intense radiation tests.

For these reasons, enough thick layers of absorbing ma- terials are used so the Reactor could operate even at 1,000 times its design level without injuring anyone in the reactor room.

For those interested in getting power or energy from the heat of a nuclear reactor, the radiation that accompanies the heat is a nuisance. For those doing research on a reactor, such as the Raleigh Research Reactor, the radiation is important to the ex- perimental investigations for which the reactor was built.

On the State College Reactor, a number of tubular pipes were built horizontally from the outer surface of the Reactor shield inward through successive layers of shielding materials to the core.

These tubes can be opened for transmission of radiation beams into experimental apparatus outside the shield or they may serve as channels for inserting experimental samples into the vicinity of the core where radiaction intensity is high. When not in use, these access ports are filled with snug-fitting concrete, lead, and graphite plugs. When experimental work is not going on, the openings of the access ports are closed with special combination locks to prevent unauthorized tampering.

Since eight experimental access ports were needed, the shield was made in an actagonal shape, with one access port at the center of each of the eight faces. Also, two or three special ports go through the shield at particular angles and at some distance from the core, providing for special experiments. One small experimental port extends from the top of the reactor shield straight down into the very center of the Reactor core. Samples inserted into this port are exposed to the very highest radiation of this Reactor.

The Reactor Building has five basic features: 1-Reactor Room. An octagonal pit, with dome roof, motor driven crane, beam traps and storage tubes in the walls, floor trenches with special cov- ers that can be raised into working tables for use in experiments. 2-Control Room. Master console, for recording experiments, controlling the Reactor, and communicatng with other areas in building. 3-Observation Room. Semi-circular, four-tier room seating 55 people, with windows that hold water to provide an 8-inch shielding when needed. 4-Ventilation and Safety. Air filtered 3 times before going up ex- haust stack and special monitors warn against discharge of unsafe radiation. 5-Offices and Labs. For Reactor staff and for research and teaching.

Burlington Nuclear Laboratories: Center Of Functional Features

The building which houses the State College Reactor is named the Burlington Nuclear Laboratories, in honor of the Burling- ton Mills Foundation which made the initial contribution to construct this "first temple of the atom."

The Reactor Room, an eight-sided or octagonal pit, has many features, including 22 feet clear space between all eight sides of the Reactor and the wall of the room and a ceiling height of 35 feet, so experiments can be conducted at each face and on top of the Reactor simultaneously.

A dome roof, 35 feet above floor level and 3 feet above the flat roof covering the rest of the building, spans the en- tire 60-foot diameter of the room. Made of glass, the 3-foot sides of the dome provide natural light.

Just beneath the heavy steel beams supporting the dome roof, a motor-driven crane is used: (1) To raise and lower objects from the floor, (2) To move them toward and away from the center of the room, (3) To sweep them around to vari- ous locations in the room.

The floor of the Reactor Room is eight feet below ground level. Radiation beams permitted to flow from the Reactor's access ports and strike experimental materials must be stopped somewhere. If they were allowed to strike the walls of the

In modern laboratories, students are able to study the effects of the Reactor in various experiments.

The Reactor sits in the center of a room that is 8 feet below ground level, 60 feet in diameter, 35 feet high.

room, radiation would be scattered over the whole building. So, large 18-inch holes are set in the walls opposite each access port on the Reactor shield, opening into 15-foot pipes that carry the radiation into the earth where it is absorbed.

Just above each of these beam traps, several small pipes extend 15 feet into the earth. Closed by concrete plugs, these pipes serve as storage tubes for radioactive materials. All samples are moved in and out of the tubes by long-handle tools, 15 to 20-feet long.

Work tables have been provided in a unique way. Trenches 4 feet wide and 19 inches deep beneath the pathway of each beam are covered by plywood panels that form part of the floor but can be raised into working tables for use in experiments. An operator standing in the trench beside the panel may work at standard laboratory table height, with the usual lab facilities of water, gas, and electricity provided along the opposite wall of the trench.

These trench panels are covered with a heavy grade lino- leum, to give a good working surface. The rest of the Reactor room floor is covered with asphalt tile. Beneath both the lino- leum and the tile double layers of heavy felt cover the con- crete underneath. If radioactive materials fall on the floor, the asphalt tile or linoleum strip can be removed. If radioactive ma- terial does leak through the asphalt, the absorbent layers of felt will prevent penetration into the concrete surfaces below.

Eight feet of the concrete wall in the room is covered by smooth-finish ceramic tile which can be washed down with wa- ter in case of contamination by radioactive dust. The same system of floor and wall covering protects all laboratories han- dling radioactivity in the building.

Located in the center of the reactor building, the reactor room is surrounded by laboratories of various sizes on the east, west, and north sides. Some are used for student instruction, others for research. The south side of the building houses four staff offices, the entrance lobby, the observation room, and the control room.

To the observation room, people may come freely at any time, see a nuclear reactor in operation, and observe the ex- periments in progress around the faces of the Reactor. At no

other place on earth is such an unrestricted privilege available. The observation room is semi-circular with four tiers of seats looking into the reactor room from an elevation of six feet above its floor level. The entire wall between the reactor room and the observation room is made of special windows that can be filled with water to provide 8 inches of shielding if enough scattered radiation should require it.

Located west of the observation room, the control room has a master console which controls the experimental work in the reactor room and the behavior of the Reactor itself. Instrumenta- tion includes a bank of 12 automatic chart recorders keeping a record of important facts from the Reactor and from experi- ments. An inter-communication system from the console to other parts of the building keeps the operator in touch with work in all the laboratories.

By electric switches and locks, the operator controls all doors to the reactor room. No one can enter the room without clear- ance by the operator who knows the infrequent occasions when it would not be safe for a person to enter.

With Special Safety Features...

To insure that unsafe amounts of radioactivity do not go into the city sewer system, all waste lines from the work areas of the Reactor Building flow through two underground tanks that have radiation monitors. If radioactive materials of unsafe level should flow down the waste line, the radiation monitors in the holding tank sound the alarm and automatically close the exit valve, holding the materials in the tank and preventing them from flowing into the city system.

Analysis may prove it safe after all for release into the city system, or it may have to be held a few days for radioactive de- cay of short-lived materials. If the radioactivitity is high level and long-lived, the material is pumped out and sent to Oak Ridge for disposal.

Beyond this, special radiation monitoring instruments are worn by each person who works around the Reactor. Radiation monitors are located in the ventilation air-streams of the build- ing.

A system of radiation monitors inside the reactor building

From the observation room, through special-plated win- dows, the visiting public can watch Reactor experiments.

In a control room alive with meters and dials, students learn to operate a reactor and to interpret experiments.

. . . With A Special Heating And Ventilation System

and at strategic points around the campus continuously measure and record the level of radiation in the atmosphere to furnish positive evidence that the amount of radiation normally present in the atmosphere is not hazardously increased by the Reactor.

As in almost any other modern day activity, there are haz- ards associated with the operation of a reactor. These hazards can be avoided by careful design, adequate safety instrumen- tation, and alert attention to the requirements of safety. Such measures are abundantly present in the State College Reactor.

If small amounts of radioactive gases or volatile materials are accidentally released in the work areas of the building, the ventilation system is designed to minimize such hazards. Large areas of glass-wool filters are built into the over-hanging eaves of the building. Behind these filters, ducts lead through the attic space to the various laboratories. Outside air sweeping in through this filter-duct system is distributed to each work area.

In the floor of each laboratory room, opposite the entrance duct, there is a filtered exit to a duct system under the floor. These exit ducts converge into a large plenum chamber in an underground passageway at the rear of the building. Here the air is filtered a third time and passes through one or the other, or both, of two 15,000 cfm blowers that discharge into the base of the 110-foot stack at the rear of the building.

Through a dual heating system, the building is warmed in winter. A series of steam coils in the entrance air ducts keep the incoming air about 60 F, while radiant heating coils in the lab floors and reactor room walls retain normal warmth for the building. This combined system keeps the building com- fortable, even with the large amount of through-flowing air.

The rate of flow changes the air every eight minutes, diluting any accidental releases well below safe limits. Further dilution occurs as the material spreads out from the top of the stack.

If the radiation level in the ventilating system goes above pre- set levels, a general alarm is sounded, the reactor is auto- matically closed down, and the blowers turn off so the ma- terial is not discharged into the atmosphere.

This 110-foot stack is just one of many safety features designed to minimize any small amounts of radioactive gases or volatile materials that might be released in oper- ating the Reactor. Other precautions include: 1-The basic design of the Reactor itself, with heavy shielding to guard against radiation and heat. 2-Automatic monitors that ring bells and sound alarms if unsafe radiation levels are neared in the building or any- where on the campus. 3-Certain staff members with sole responsibility to be on guard against unsafe conditions. 4-Careful instruction on the hazards involved to every person doing experiments on the Reactor. 5-Detailed check on the construction and plan of the project by all Atomic Energy Commission safety committees. 6-Carefully devised safety rules vigorously enforced. 7-Periodic inspections by the AEC. (Provision is made for the nuclear fuel to be withdrawn if the safety standards are not maintained.)

DEDICATION OF THE RALEIGH RESEARCH REACTOR ON THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE CAMPUS

Man has opened many doors since he first discovered how to use stones to make fire--industrial, commercial, scien- tific, agricultural doors showing the way toward a better life. But never has he opened a door toward greater poten- tialities than the atomic door he is now opening. We are both humbled and thrilled to know our State College Re- actor is a pioneer in this new search for a better age. Carey H. Bostian Chancellor, North Carolina State College

. . . In Appreciation

When the Reactor was launched in 1953, President Gray appropriately called it "another important milestone" toward atoms for peace. He put it this way:

"The Atomic Energy Commission in its approval of the Re- actor and its encouragement of a research and training pro- gram in nuclear technology at North Carolina State College has reached another important milestone toward the develop- ment of peacetime applications of nuclear processes. We are happy for this additional opportunity which is afforded . . . our scientific staff to rise to the challenge of leadership in this, another field of vital significance to our state and nation."

The N. C. State College Nuclear Reactor is the forerunner of all openly-operated, college-owned reactors of the future. It was the first one and is still the only one, though others are now in design and construction stages. It was conceived in the basic belief that nuclear processes should be-and shall be-used to benefit mankind rather than to destroy him.

We of North Carolina State College join the people of our state and nation in appreciation to the North Carolina General Assembly and the Burlington Mills Foundation for the generous part they played in creating this pioneer center for studying peacetime applications of nuclear processes.

Atoms should raise man, not destroy him. Upon this pre- cept, we dedicate this reactor, this building, and our own ef- forts as we move into the thrilling tomorrows of nuclear en- gineering.

The mission is a great one, in many areas a solemn one, in all areas a challenging one, as we strive to help man develop some of the exciting potentialities of God's newest gift-atomic energy.

Price Fifty Cents

For Further information, Write the Physics Department, North Carolina State College