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Jeff Essic
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Historical Statistics

Historical Census Browser (UVA)
http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/

Presents decennial census data from 1790 to 1960. Enables the user to "examine state and county topics for individual census years" and "over time. " Has a built-in basic ratio calculator.

Historical Statistics of the United States: earliest times to the present
http://proxying.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php?url=http://hsus.cambridge.org/ (NCSU Only)
or D. H. Hill Reference HA202 .H57 2006 (in 5 volumes)

This is a treasure trove of statistical data from the early days of the U.S., up to 2005. Broad topics include:

Population
Work and welfare
Economic structure and performance
Economic sectors and
Government and international relations.

The online version has the advantage of being able to download and graph tables, as well as create custom tables.

Log Into North Carolina (LINC) [NCSDC]
http://linc.state.nc.us

Fulfilling the North Carolina State Data Center's mandate to coordinate statistical data produced by state agencies, this resource also provides North Carolina data from some federal agencies. Recent historical coverage back to the 1970s; also includes State Demographer's population projections for future years.

Data for many subject areas:

Population and Housing Vital Statistics and Health Social and Human Services Law Enforcement, Courts, and Corrections Environment, Recreation, and Resources

Energy and Utilities Government Employment and Income Business and Industry Agriculture Transportation Education

 

Selected Historical Decennial Census Population and Housing Counts (Census Bureau)
http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/hiscendata.html

A miscellany of data first divided by geography type and then further sorted by years available. Files appear in a variety of formats including PDF, txt, html and xls. Mostly recent history (20th century and forward), but includes data back to 1790. Includes a link (at the top of the page) to digitized copies of Census publications for 1790 through 1890 and 1970 through 2000.

Statistical Abstract of the United States
D. H. Hill Reference HA202 .A4
Older years in Gov Docs (2nd floor) at SuDoc # C 3.134:[year]
but almost all library branches also have the most recent edition

Although also available online at http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/statab.html, this annual Census Bureau publication is easier to use in print. The most recent edition is available at the Reference Desk in D. H. Hill. Use the index to find the table numbers (not page numbers) relevant to your topic. While available nearly every year back to the late 1800s, content varies somewhat from year to year. This resource was not intended to provide time series data. Sources include public and private institutions; while always cited, sources may or may not make data publicly available beyond what is provided for the Stat Abstract.